tragmac Free Tragic Irony in Shakespeares Essay Example For Students

tragmac Free: Tragic Irony in Shakespeares Essay Macbeth essaysThe Tragic Irony of Macbeth There are numerous kinds of incongruity utilized in Macbeth. Without the incongruity, the tragedywould not be so disastrous. One sort of incongruity utilized in Macbeth is verbal incongruity. This is the point at which a character saysone thing and means the inverse. Instances of this are when Macbeth says to Banquo,Tonight we hold a grave dinner, sir, And Ill solicitation your essence (III, I, 13-14) orwhen he says Fail not our dining experience (III, I, 28). Verbal incongruity makes the play more tragicbecause, in the event that the peruser comprehends the incongruity of what a character is stating, at that point the peruser can see the genuine nature and expectations of the character. Another sort of incongruity Shakespeare utilized is the incongruity of a circumstance. This is whenthe consequences of an activity or occasion are not quite the same as what is normal. One model is whenMacduff is talking with Malcolm about the disasters in Scotland, not realizing that hisfamily has been killed. We will compose a custom exposition on tragmac Free: Tragic Irony in Shakespeares explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now He says: Let us ratherHold quick the human blade, and like great menBestride our down-falln birthdom. Each new mornNew widows cry, new vagrants cry, new sorrowsStrike paradise on the face, that it resoundsAs on the off chance that it felt with Scotland and hollered outLike syllable of dolor (IV, iii, 4-7). Macduff, incidentally, is commenting on new widows crying, not mindful of the factthat he is a single man. This presents a lot of incongruity to the peruser, just as a tragicsituation. Emotional incongruity is likewise utilized in Macbeth. This sort of incongruity is when there is acontradiction between what characters of the play do, and what the peruser knows willhappen. In Macbeth, a model is the merriment with which Duncan, the King, speaks ofInverness. This merriment is a veneer, since little does Duncan know, yet the plot tomurder him is being brought forth and will be done here at Inverness. How amusing for thereader, and how shocking, to hear Duncan state: This stronghold hath a wonderful seat; the airNimbly and pleasantly suggests itselfUnto our delicate faculties. (I, iv, 1-3). At long last, incongruity of Fate is utilized. This is the point at which an outcome nullifies the point of anevent. For instance, in view of Macbeths response to seeing Banquos phantom in Act IIIscene iv is so sensational and rough, he throws doubt onto himself, rather than gainingpersonal security. He throws doubt by soliciting which from you have done this? furthermore, thenanswering his own inquiry with Thou canst not state I did it. Never shake Thy gorylocks at me (III, iv, 49, 51-52). This is appalling, for Macbeth ruins his objective of security and winds up providing reason to feel ambiguous about more uncertainty himself. Macbeth would not be shocking without incongruity. Incongruity pulls at the series of thereaders heart. Regardless of whether the incongruity causes the appalling saint to appear to be progressively wretched, or makestheir ruin appear to be increasingly shocking, it surely enables the catastrophe to have a less clear cutemotional reaction.

Leadership Activity Free Essays

II. Rude awakening Author: Tom Siebold is an essayist and expert in Minneapolis. He is likewise co-proprietor of Collegegrazing. We will compose a custom exposition test on Initiative Activity or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now comâ€a site to help school destined adolescents to become familiar with what they need and need in a school. Objective (s): To pinpoint genuine administration conduct and to set conduct objectives How the creator has utilized this exercise:â I have had achievement utilizing this activity as a pre-workshop self-request movement. I have additionally utilized it as a schoolwork task. Its quality lies in the way that it portrays real conduct and afterward enables the pioneer to perceive how the person in question can redistribute conduct. Movement Description: * Have the members consider what they really do every day. At that point get some information about how they invest their administration energy. Every member finishes the Leadership Behavior Chart underneath (In blue textual style). * You can catch up with full gathering or little gathering conversation. The focal inquiry is this: Is your administration conduct out of sync with the way that you feel a powerful pioneer ought to burn through their effort? Consider your day by day association with the individuals who you lead. As a rule, decide the real practices that characterize that collaboration. Utilizing the rundown of practices beneath, decide the measure of time (in rates) that you for the most part spend on every conduct. At that point in the subsequent section, figure out what you feel would be perfect dispersion of time (in rates). Conduct | Percentage of time spent on every conduct | Ideally the level of time you would dedicate to every conduct | Informing |  |  | Directing |  |  | Clarifying or Justifying |  |  | Persuading |  |  | Collaborating |  |  | Brainstorming or Envisioning |  |  | Reflecting (Quiet Time for Thinking) |  |  | Observing |  |  | Disciplining |  |  | Resolving relational clashes |  |  | Adulating as well as empowering |  |  | Follow Up Questions 1. Is there a hole between how you ought to burn through your effort and how you really spend it? 2. Are there certain practices that are taking up a lot of your administration time? Why? 3. Are there certain procedures that you can utilize that would draw you nearer to your optimal appropriation of conduct? Options:â A. A few gatherings might need to figure conduct aggregates to perceive how their friends are burning through their effort. B. From the third section it is anything but difficult to move into a conversation about â€Å"ideal† pioneer conveyance of vitality. C. You may likewise utilize this equivalent organization with both gathering and group cooperation. Included musings or contemplations: Since this action enables members to perceive what they are really doing, it causes them make an interpretation of authority hypothesis into genuine conduct. When members survey their outlines it is simpler for them to structure systems to adjust their authority conduct. â€Return to Top†III. Your Leadership Calendar Author: Tom Siebold is an essayist and expert in Minneapolis. He is likewise co-proprietor of Collegegrazing. comâ€a site to help school destined teenagers to study what they need and need in a school. Objective (s): To expand administration learning past the workshop. How the creator has utilized this exercise:â This activity is a decent development or schoolwork action. Movement Description: Ask the members to check twelve distinct days on their schedule spread out more than four or a half year. Toward the finish of each checked day, members ought to record some initiative conduct (either positive or negative) that they practiced during that day. Every conduct ought to be trailed by a response explanation that responds to two inquiries: â€Å"How did I feel about my activity or conduct? †Ã¢ andâ â€Å"How does this activity or conduct jive with what I think about initiative accepted procedures? Options:â On each checked day, the member can send their own initiative remarks to a chose accomplice from the first workshop. This is a decent strategy for responsibility and input. Included contemplations or contemplations: I quite often utilize the methodology in the Options area above. At the point when individuals leave the workshop, th ey become involved with every day upkeep and habitually don’t get around to doing the subsequent activities. By having them contact a chose accomplice from the workshop, it squeezes them to finish. â€Return to Top†IV. Authority Dance Card Writer: Tom Siebold is an essayist and specialist in Minneapolis. He is likewise co-proprietor of Collegegrazing. comâ€a site to help school destined youngsters to become familiar with what they need and need in a school. Objective (s): To urge members to converse with each other about explicit administration best practices How the creator has utilized this exercise:â Very basically, I utilize this movement to get members to share best practices. This arrangement will work with practically any expert subject. Action Description: Each pioneer has their own style of initiative. A few styles will work for you while others won’t. In this action members blend in with the full gathering and sign up the names of three different members on their â€Å"interview move card. †Ã¢ Then during a set timeframe (this might be done over an all-inclusive break or even a lunch period) members search out their â€Å"dance partners† to direct a short administration meet. They pose each other a lot of inquiries gave by the facilitator and record the reactions. The following are some authority inquiries addresses that I have utilized in this action: 1. How would you propel your reports? 2. How would you keep your reports seriously educated? 3. How would you keep up your team’s center around explicit objectives? 4. How would you set, explain, and consider your reports responsible toâ your desires? 5. How would you perceive fruitful work? Note: you might need to confine each meeting to a couple of inquiries relying upon the measure of time you need to give to this movement. At the point when the full gathering reconvenes, the facilitator requests that members share initiative tips and systems that they got in their meetings. The facilitator might need to make an ace rundown of these to pass out later. Options:â Have the gathering conceptualize for inquiries to be utilized in the meetings. Included musings or contemplations: This action fills some needs: it gets the members going around, it associates individuals, and it is a proficient methodology to share best practices. â€Return to Top†V. All important focal point Author: Tom Siebold is an essayist and expert in Minneapolis. He is additionally co-proprietor of Collegegrazing. comâ€a site to help school destined youngsters to get familiar with what they need and need in a school. Objective (s): To envision distinctive administration styles How the creator has utilized this exercise:â If the gathering is OK with each other, a pretending movement can have some effect. I have utilized this movement to set up myâ data about authority styles. Notwithstanding, this equivalent organization can be utilized with a wide range of themes. Action Description: Ask for four volunteers. One volunteer assumes the job of a  team part who as of late has missed gatherings or shown up after the expected time. The other three volunteers each assume the job of an alternate sort of pioneer. To spare time I typically give the pioneer chips in a character attribute from which they can make their persona: the by-the-book pioneer, oneself consumed pioneer, the paternalistic pioneer, the softy, the blamer, the speaker, the smarty pants, and so on. Permit the volunteers to have some an opportunity to consider their job. Assemble the full gathering around and place two seats in the center. Thusly, have every pioneer face the colleague. Disclose the circumstance to the gathering before the pretending starts: Loren, the late colleague, has not exclusively been missing gatherings or showing up after the expected time, he has likewise had all the earmarks of being drained and incoherent. Some colleagues have recommended that Loren’s spouse is sick, yet others state the circumstance is established with Loren himself. As a pioneer, what is a decent method to deal with Loren? After each of the three situations have been played out, request that the full gathering remark on the distinctive authority approachesâ€What worked? What could the pioneers have done another way? How might the â€Å"ideal† pioneer handle this circumstance? This movement is a decent spring board to investigating diverse authority styles. Options:â You might need to have the full gathering recognize three diverse pretending circumstances. Included musings or contemplations: I attempt to check with a portion of the members before the workshop starts to check whether the gathering would be agreeable or ready to participate in a pretending action. - Return to Top†VI. Pioneers you Admire Author: Tom Siebold is an essayist and expert in Minneapolis. He is additionally co-proprietor of Collegegrazing. comâ€a site to help school destined youngsters to become familiar with what they need and need in a school. Objective (s): To look for initiative attributes through close t o home experience How the creator has utilized this exercise:â I have seen stories as an amazing route for members to associate with the workshop topic. By and large individuals like to recount and hear stories. Action Description: Divide the gathering into little gatherings. Request that members share a tale about the best or most compelling pioneer that they have experienced. After every story, recognize authority qualities by posing the inquiry: â€Å"What was it that made this individual such a powerful pioneer? †  Then as a gathering, distinguish the characteristics that all the pioneers appeared to share. All gatherings at that point compose the mutual attributes on a white board. You can utilize this characteristics list as a springboard to investigate increasingly about what makes a decent lea

Debunked

Debunked Ive decided that before I go to bed I should take advantage of the awesome capabilities of this wonderful invention called The Laptop. It has this unique ability called mobility that allows me to write while propped up in bed and listening to the Toy Story soundtrack. Anywho, I figured that if I was trying to keep up with my entry every other day pace I have about 15 minutes to post an entry. Unfortunately I dont have anything to say, so Im going to do a google search, find some misconception about MIT, and debunk it. This should be fun! *Searches* *Digs* *Doesnt find much, decides to make things juicy by adding CollegeConfidential to the search* *Gags at the cesspool that is CollegeConfidential while wading through it* OMG guys! You made a CollegeConfidential thread about me!? Decisions on the 22nd?????????? Ok, time for the debunking to begin, didnt think Id have to debunk my own rumor. So Im the new guy here, Ive only been officially blogging for a couple of months, and I just now realized that what can start as a simple guess as to an admissions release date can spiral wildly out of control. I underestimate your tenacity. Let me the set the record straight, por favor (I really want to avoid nasty e-mails from Ben and Matt and I have this funny feeling that said e-mails are in the works). I am a student. Students dont get to know when decisions are released. Honestly, they dont tell us, its top secret. Anything you heard me say about March 22nd was, and has always been labeled as, A GUESS. When Matt or Ben post when the decision date is we will all know together, itll be a big happy group learning experience. So thats that. Decisions may come out on the 15th, they may come out on the 22nd, they may come out on Christmas (at which point Id have to lol), I dont know. Need to pass the time between now and admissions? YouTube my friends, YouTube. Also, explore the blogosphere, theres some interesting stuff out there. Above all, dont freak out. (Im realizing that my posts dont always correlate directly to MIT. Im not sure if this is acceptable so Ill try to keep it to a minimum. Feel free to use your imaginations to connect things I talk about to MIT somehow, its a good brain exercise.)

Essay on Hero and Beatrice Vs. Women During the...

In William Shakespeares play Much Ado about Nothing there are sharp contrasts between Hero and Beatrice in comparison to women during the Shakespearean period. Hero is the typical example of a woman during the Shakespearean period. Hero is depicted in the play as a morally upright woman of good keep, and she seem to be a very loving and warm person in comparison to her cousin Beatrice. However she is made out to be a whore by Claudio at her own expense on her wedding day. Beatrice is the heroine of the play; she possesses a quick wit and a quick tongue. Beatrice does have the same warm and loving personality as her cousin however she constantly starts merry war or make fun of other individuals. Beatrice is not a typical woman of the†¦show more content†¦When Claudio maltreats Hero on her wedding day Beatrice says that, O that I was a man for his sake! Or that I had any friend would be a man for my sake! I cannot be a man with wishing; therefore I will die a woman with griev ing (IV.i.312-318). At a time in the play Much ado about Nothing Claudio refers to Hero as a jewel. With this description of Hero as a jewel it can be thought that Shakespeare is using Claudio to convey to the audience the beauty of Hero. Shakespeare could also be explaining the way in which men own women and the way that women are property in the eyes of Shakespearean men. Beatrice clearly does not wish to be owned or considered property and worth of a woman. As it pertains to worth in regards to Hero, marrying Claudio can advance her fathers Leonato business endeavors. Marrying Claudio could be seen as marrying a financial, stable, secure future for Leonato and for Hero. The climax of the play is when the wedding ceremony is aborted and Hero is shamed and she is accused of disloyalty to Claudio. During the Shakespearean period women that were accused of unfaithfulness before marriage would lose social standing, a standing that could never be improved. This damaged social standing could ruin an entire family, therefore when Leonato buys into the fact that Hero was disloyal to Claudio he attempts to dismiss her totally

The Wars Analysis - 1308 Words

War is a dangerous game, many people would likely agree to this, however, very few have ever seen a battlefront. The truth is that war, no matter how awful we can imagine it, is always exponentially worse. In Timothy Findley’s The Wars, Robert Ross, the protagonist, ­ faces a situation that he finds difficult to come to terms with, and when faced with a similar situation later on in the novel, he must take drastic measures to reconcile the uncertainties of the past situation. Timothy Findley suggests, through the life of Robert Ross, that one’s need to reconcile the uncertainties of past experiences dominate our actions when such situations come up again in our lives. In the words of Hiram Johnson, a US Senator during the First World War,†¦show more content†¦Following his rape, he starts to do what he feels is right, and in one case, goes directly against direct orders to stand for what he believes in, as well as to reconcile everything he’s been thro ugh as a soldier; the violence, the pain, and everything that has emotionally and physically scarred him. Once Robert is back in the battle, there is another, worse attack on the Canadian lines by the Germans. They are being rained on by shells, and Robert fears for the lives of the horses in a nearby barn that is being hit by the shelling, and which Robert fears will collapse at any moment. Over the course of the war, Robert has grown more and more attached to horses, and it’s in his benevolent nature to care for other animals. When Robert tells Captain Leather that he will go back to the barn to save the horses, Leather refuses, saying that it is not necessary. Robert, thinking back to the last time he wanted to go against Captain Leather’s orders, and what arose when he didn’t, realizes that he must go against his orders and free the horses. As Robert is running back to the barn to free the horses, Leather screams at him to stop what he is doing and to follow his orders, but Robert is determined. When Leather pulls his gun on Robert, Robert stops to shoot him, killing Leather. In this time, the barn has been hit by a shell, and is burning, but Robert still runs inside to try to save the horses moments before the roof of the barn collapses on Robert, burning himShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of The War719 Words   |  3 PagesI am intervening before the novel, during World War 2. I am Paul’s dad, John, when he was 20. He is having an internal conflict as he wants to become a musician, however, his mother wants him to do medicine. Singer music notes at his desk. Kicks ground and throws music after singing notes in frustration. La da da da da da da da da. Sitting in bedroom at desk with music sheets and a textbook opened on desk. Stares at desk. Sad tone. Music, my passion or medicine, the money. [Angrily] Why can’tRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem War 1504 Words   |  7 Pages(Sheridan 63). In Marley’s 1976 song â€Å"War†, he is addressing the current conflict between the different conflicting political parties in Jamaica and focuses on ways to eliminate any disputes between the different ideologies. This song is also one that truly reflects the political turmoil among races in Jamaica. Until the philosophy which hold one race superior And another Inferior Is finally. And permanently Discredited And abandoned Everywhere is war -Me say war. That until there no longer First classRead MoreThe Art of War Analysis1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Art of War Analysis The Art of War was one of our world’s first written documents that dealt with militaristic strategies and advancements. The book was written by a Chinese military leader named Sun Tzu, who commanded and analyzed his military over the Warring States Period of China. Sun Tzu produced this text in an attempt to provide future military advantages for the Chinese, but The Art of War’s ideas eventually spread to neighboring civilizations and empires. The ideas and facts expressedRead MoreThe War Prayer Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"The War Prayer† Analysis â€Å"The War Prayer† by Samuel L. Clemens, is his attempt to force the public to realize the implicit outcome of praying for victory in war, which inevitably is death. His use of irony and hyperbole is evident in this clever narrative. The passage satirically describes how a very religious town comes together during a time of war to pray for the downfall of the enemy and the triumph of their men. An old man then comes into the church and prays the same exact prayer that theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The War 1264 Words   |  6 Pagesrepeating the same cries, asking for blessedness from God, Prophet Mohammed, Ali, and Hussein. The hysterical cries of the soldiers are heard along with sounds of explosions and machine guns. The young man wakes up and it turns out to be his dream. The war is thus presented as this young man s timeless and eternal nightmarish present. Similar to the rest of the soldiers, he calls onto Hussein, the Prophet s grandson, but he also shouts tha t his friend, Hussein, has been slain in the same manner. TheRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Proportionality Of War Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesNick Smith Mr. Britton War Peace H 18 October 2016 An Analysis of Proportionality In War There is something rather odd in the way America has come to fight its wars since World War II. It’s unimaginable that we would now use anything even remotely approaching the full measure of our military power (aside from the nuclear option) in the wars we fight. This seems only reasonable given the relative weakness of our Third World enemies in Vietnam and the Middle East. But the fact is that we were forcedRead MoreAnalysis Of Clausewitzs On War 1389 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterized by â€Å"wicked problems† or unsolvable problems. Compiled during the early 19th century, Clausewitz’s manuscript â€Å"On War† arguably posited the same conclusion in relation to the strategic level of war. He described war as uncertain, unpredictable, and marked by chance. The more the scale moved from the tactical realm to the strategic realm, the more complex war became due to the aforementioned variables. Society today must contend with the impacts of globaliz ation, which has led to significantRead MoreAn Analysis Of Clausewitzs On War 1414 Words   |  6 Pagescharacterized by â€Å"wicked problems† or unsolvable problems. Compiled during the early 19th century, Clausewitz’s manuscript â€Å"On War† arguably posited the same conclusion in relation to the strategic level of war. He described war as uncertain, unpredictable, and marked by chance. The more the scale moved from the tactical realm to the strategic realm, the more complex war became due to the aforementioned variables. 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Analysis Of The House Of Leaves - 1227 Words

House of leaves is another contemporary work that portrays insane character. In reference to the House of leaves, it is obvious that the tension of madness is neither observable nor openly stated; a phenomenon that reveals that madness is not easily detectable. This is what triggers Gothic plots to have a positive development as they mainly focus on revealing the why and what of the occurrence of an event. It is evident that wider experiences, techniques, psychological knowledge as well as craftsmanship have tremendously advanced such that the earlier Gothic work seems artificial and naà ¯ve (Lovecraft, 2013). As Crawford (2014) reveals, the theme of madness runs through most Gothic narratives and is usually enunciated by the characters where they often question their own sanity or that of their fellow characters. Madness in Gothic is not simply a fictional aspect of genres. The theme also incorporates social implications most notably when viewed in the perspective of Victorian England. Gothic madness references in relation to literature ascended in the context of a society that is not only fascinated but also repelled by madness (Punter, 2012). This is evident in Dracula by Bram Stoker where attempts of containing madness has proven to have a reverse effect of concealing the periphery that separates mad people from normal ones. In Stoker’s film, Renfield, who is deemed as a mad person endeavors to protect Mina from the wrath of Dracula, a phenomenon that presents theShow MoreRelatedThe House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros766 Words   |  3 Pagesam writing a literary analysis on â€Å"The House on Mango Street† by Sandra Cisneros. This story takes place in the center of an over populated Latino neighborhood in Chicago, a city where many of the poor areas are ethnically seg regated. This novella uses two main symbols shoes and trees. Later in the literary analysis I will explain what these mean to the main characters. There are three main characters in the novella Esperanza, Sally and Nenny (short for â€Å"Magdalena†). The House on Mango Street tellsRead MoreShakespeare s A Doll s House Essay1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Performance of Gender in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House It can be said that the sound of Nora Helmer slamming the door behind her as she leaves her husband and children in pursuit of self-actualization is one of the most famous in theatre history. The journey the characters in A Doll’s House take in order to build to this powerful moment is a fascinating one. Countless scholars have analyzed aspects of Ibsen’s famous play; some have examined the complicated marriage between Nora and Torvald Helmer,Read MoreFalse Imprisonment Without Legal Justification903 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity to leave. Walker v. Hanke, 992 S.W.2d 925, 935 (Mo. Ct. App. 1999). 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Outline on Waste Management Plan - Get Free Sample On It

Question: what is the waste management plan? Answer: Redox Pty Limited 26-30 Gilbertson Road, Melbourne Redox Pty Limited 51-57 Buckhurst Street, South Melbourne VIC 3205 Manufacturing Melbourne Executive Summary This report will include a waste assessment conduct and planning and preparing draft for waste management at Redox located in Melbourne, NSW. The outcome of our investigation on this Australian firm will explains specific issues regarding to waste management in the firm, which needed to reduce over time. The report will first provide the information of the site following will explains the rationale for developing the plan according to the firm authorities and our observation. The report also explain and discuss the process through which the firm handles or can handle waste material by storing, classifying, transporting and disposing. It will also contain the waste material such as chemical stock which is damaged and unsalable and chemical packaging. The report also describes the procedure through which liquid and non-liquid waste of Redox branch disposed and issues in this process and recommendations for this is explained in the report. The analysis of waste management, its cost effectiveness and how much the firm can save from reducing the waste material or recycling them is discussed in the report. Site Description Redox is a leading commodity well known in Australia especially for chemical distribution work with 10 local sales offices throughout the country. There are more than 300 staff working in the firm and recorded A$453 million sales in last year. It will work with 140 industries in order to bring the best and efficient products across the world. It is well known for marketing organic and inorganic raw material. We reported and visited Redox firm is located in No. 2 Swettenham Road Minto of New South Wales. Waste types in the firm are recorded through their recently developed system; it will also record the quantities and method of disposal for all waste streams in the form of spreadsheet. Through the spreadsheet and the managing the record keeping allows Redox to obtain the information about the solid waste and inert waste which taken for landfill directly, how much quantity of chemical products and packaging going to be disposed, general waste contractor then remove the solid disposal weight and recycling waste (Redox Anuual Report, 2013). Typical waste generated by Redox which is generated regularly is office papers, packaging, stationary, shrink wrapping and kitchen putrescible waste. The current waste management plan followed by Redox is, the staff must place all drink containers made up of aluminium to appropriate bins with the plastic bag liners which would kept in the kitchens of marketing, shipping and warehouse department. Prior to disposal the containers are to be emptied of soft drink and rinsed with water. Those containers are then collected from bins on weekly basis. It is observed that the current waste management plan applied for Redox is not enough as compare to the bulk of waste collected on regular basis. Rationale for waste assessment During the operations handled at this site it is required to ensure the management of appropriate handling as well as storage and disposal of generated waste. They are required to outline Waste Management Plan for considering environmental impact it causes by dumping waste. The companys warehouse and general office rubbish includes stationary, plastic, glass or bottles, food and as the company primarily supply chemical, the shrink wrapping and empty chemical packaging can also be dumped into the waste bins (Woodyard and Chris, 2008). From disposing and minimizing waste they obviously want to cut costs around the office as much amount is spent on this office supplies. Due to this and to reduce impact on environment from their waste the company require to adopt some changes in the into their waste management plan to come up more successfully in future. The non-compactable items like empty drums, pallets, and large pieces of timber, metal, concrete are essential to sent to the waste treatment facilities (Mata, 2001). Most importantly the waste chemical packaging such as poison, liquid waste or DG has to be disposed by licensed supplier and there are some limitation the firm facing while disposing these wastes. Hence the waste not only adds clutter to the space but also it will be risky to store the waste, therefore finding quick and effective finding of removing waste is essential. Considering all these facts the firm needed to find some options that will be beneficial at the same time cost effective. Hence environment friendly waste management plan has to develop with minimal effort in this situation. The firm will need the solution over managing waste for immediate implementation and dispose the remaining waste efficiently. Methodology By accessing the complete firm and gathering the information on the waste produced and bins used to store and further moved to disposal, will help to somewhat estimate amounts of waste produced at the visited site and quantity of bins and containers available to store the waste are enough or not. To get specific information about the production of chemical raw material, their risks and importing the other supplies from Redox, meet and interviewed the Director of the firm, managers of marketing, shipping and warehouse department to get the exact working of waste management process. Through the series of interviews with the authorities and employees got the satisfied information. It is important to note the amount of material or supplies imported with the help of invoices and material management department (Geels, 2008) provides the information about the purchased items per month. When overall purchased information will gain, it gets easy to identify the area of improvement by utilizing new methods for improving the waste management for the office. The records of wasted utilities can be collected from the spreadsheet, developed to record quantity of solid or inert waste. It will also note the quantity of chemical products and packaging going to be disposed. The following are the major supplies that are purchased monthly, these are also the major contributors to the waste generated in the office. Table 1: Average monthly figure quantities Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 2 Ream (1000 pages) $9.98 Acidic in solid form 10 package $349.20 Basic solutions in solid form 10 package $338.46 Non toxic salts 5 packages $169.23 Zink compounds 5 packages $202.24 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 bottles) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 2 Black $79.05 Waste Generating Process It is possible to predict the approximate waste generated from the visited site with the help of director and staff. It is also found difficult to predict the quantities of atypical wastes that are damaged chemical product or packaging, empty drums and Intermediate bulk containers. According to NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) hazardous on site noted are, Acidic solutions or acid in solid form, basic solutions, non-toxic salt, zinc compounds are majorly wasted. In the past year the Redox NSW site generated 41 tones hazardous which means approximately 3 tones hazardous per month of atypical waste (Singh, Krasowski and Singh 2011). This volume consists of damaged chemicals products or unsaleable packaging. At the site it is required to reconditioning or land filling of empty packaging and estimated 20 kg waste per empty drum and 65 kg waste per empty IBC. The procedure follow for cleaning during the operation is that, the chemical products split during the operations are immediately cleaned up and then they are placed into heavy duty plastic bags, the bags are labeled by the compound in it and then thrown into the wheelie bins which are specially designed for the class of products (Palmer and Paul, 2005). Later on the bins are moved for disposal. The bin containing categorize per disposable material will also be kept within a specific warehouse section (Glasbergen, 2007) which is special or designated for the class of product. Table 2: Average monthly waste Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 0.5 Ream (250 pages) $2.49 A3 Paper 2 Reams (1000 pages) $35.96 Acidic in solid form 2 package $69.84 Basic solutions in solid form 2 package $67.69 Non toxic salts 1 packages $33.84 Zink compounds 1 packages $40.448 Bottled Water 8 Packs (192 bottles) $64.00 Ink Cartridge 1 Black $39.98 $354.248 Paper and cardboard are next prime waste material which should be recycled to avoid the environmental impact (Roper and William, 2006), to minimize the waste as well as reduce the cost of waste. Record must be kept because it demonstrates a step towards better waste management process. Due to record keeping standard or normal waste levels are establishes and maintaining of waste quantities record will help the firm to assess its operations performance with the waste management principles to avoid and minimize waste landfill requirement (Cary, 2008). In the waste generation process all staff is informed about placing all drink containers made up of aluminium to appropriate bins with the plastic bag liners which would kept in the kitchens of marketing, shipping and warehouse department. Prior to disposal the containers are to be emptied of soft drink and rinsed with water. Those containers are then collected from bins on weekly basis. The spreadsheet and records maintained will allow the standard level of waste establishments and also set trends in waste disposal (Roper and William, 2006). The waste records of sites will be maintained by the Coordinator of Regulatory Affairs as they have experience of statistical analysis of data over time. Programs and other waste management options like recycling and alternate packaging will be researched for avoiding and minimizing the waste avoidance objective. It is also suggested to Redox that they will have to design Annual report on environmental reporting. Results from Waste Management Analysis Our Bribros team are located just south of Melbourne's city centre and service our plastics business. For recycling the materials Cardboard and paper waste at office Warehouse Excess use of papers Different disposals of items From the above images we can get the visual idea about the wastage problem faced by Redox and as the site is located in large area and large amount of work has been carried on regular basis and number of worker are more, so the wastage produced also in more quantity. Number of bins is shown in one figure which will distinguish as per the material. We can implement some ideas from the observation which can help in implementing ideas to minimize waste. Analysis of results By inspecting the Redox waste management process, significant things are noticed such as the firm can not undertake any treatment processes for the damaged chemical product classified as waste and such processes can be managed under DEC which is a licensed waste facility. Responsibilities and Authority To manage the waste effectively it is important to divide the responsibilities and authorities to the specific person is important and it is significant aspect of waste management plan at Redox and is shown below: It is the responsibility of Regulatory Affair Coordinator to maintain a permanent record of all waste disposals and then report about it to the environment authorities when required (Redox Annual report, 2013). To classify all the waste, obtain disposable material and receiving all waste tracking documentation is done under observation of the Site Environmental Officer and it is his or her duty to report about the disposal to the coordinator of Regulatory Affairs. Store Manager should ensure that appropriate effort has been made to minimize the waste and also ensure that waste is fit for transport as it contains the damaged chemical packaging. It is responsibility of Product manager to exhaust all avenues for sale or return damaged or unsealed stock instead of sending to disposal. Compliance is essential factor of waste management and hence to ensure that all employees will use correct disposable method (Davoudi and Evans 2005) is responsibility of Store manager and coordinator. All employees working in Redox are abide by procedures that are specified in this waste management plan should be the employment condition. It is also significant to provide formal warning and guidance to employees who contravene these procedures. Other than the chemical waste other most important waste material is office papers, cardboard, fax and photocopy papers, envelopes, Manilla folders, Magazines, newspapers, cardboard milk cartons. To reduce the printout paper waste it is important to ensure errors before printing. If printing papers will reduces it will automatically reduces the ink cartridges. Recycling the office and print papers and cardboard are prime example of avoiding waste (Stoker, 2010). Waste management principles are applied to this area of waste by avoiding printing of unnecessary documents or emails, Both sides of paper can be used for printing, cardboard or paper can be separated for recycling, paper cannot be given to landfill for disposal. Table 3: Estimated Wastage through Changes Implemented Item Quantity Cost A4 Paper 0.2 Ream (50 pages) $0.99 A3 Paper 0.5 Ream (250 pages) $8.99 Acidic in solid form 1 package $34.92 Basic solutions in solid form 1 package $33.84 Non toxic salts 0 packages $0.00 Zink compounds 1 packages $40.44 Bottled Water 0 $0.00 Ink Cartridge 0.5 Black $19.99 $139.17 *Quantities are based on waste for an average month Table 3: Savings Accumulated Initial Wastage Cost Estimated Wastage Cost Savings $354.248 $139.17 $215.07 *Quantities are based on waste for an average month We can conclude from the calculation made throughout the report that, it is possible to reduce or minimize the waste by recycling or by using different technique and it will not only become profitable exercise for the company but it will also reduce the environmental impact occur from the companys waste (Landy, 2001). Hence it is not wrong to say that minimizing the waste will positively affect the office and site environment and will also cost effective for the company, when less products waste it automatically save the purchasing amount of supplies. It is also specified that through the simple waste management technique can tend vital impact socially, environmentally and economically. Recommendation One thing is clear from above discussion that is, by recycling and making plan for waste management the firm can achieve economic as well as environmental objectives by following simple and easy waste management clause. It is obviously possible with the effort and support of all the staff and employees, here are some recommendations for the firm for managing and recycling waste. The responsibility has to assign to the store manager to inform the coordinator of regulatory affairs, when there are non-compactable items on sites like empty drums, pallets and so on which requires recycling or disposal. Another waste will have to be recycled such as paper, card board and aluminium cans. The recycling program obtained through the workplace waste help to reduce environment impact and also save money. The morale and facilitation of team building are output of recycling program. One important section where require to pay more attention will be the solid chemical waste section. The non DG or Poison chemicals has to classify individually by the Regulatory Affairs Coordinator along with the operator of waste facility to identify that either they can go to landfill or not. If land filling is not appropriate option then the substance have to sent to licensed waste treatment facility. Redox can avoid and minimize waste generation by handling the product carefully during transport and storage. It is better to prefer repack and sold the damaged chemical product at reduced or no cost in every circumstance instead of disposal. It is preferred to recycle and use empty drums and IBC instead of disposing and raw materials are used to create new packing. It is also necessary to dispose the chemical material waste correctly and lawfully and given to licensed disposing authority with classification and tracking procedures. Reference List Woodyard, Chris 2008""Zero landfill" plants".USA Today. Retrieved9 March2011. Mata, T M 2001."Life cycle assessment of different reuse percentages for glass beer bottles".International Journal of Life cycle Assessment6(5): 5863. Retrieved28 June2014. Singh, J; Krasowski, Singh 2011,"Life cycle inventory of HDPE bottle-based liquid milk packaging systems",Packaging Technology and Science: Palmer, Paul 2005.Getting to Zero Waste. Purple Sky Press. ISBN0-9760571-0-7 Roper, William E. 2006. "Strategies for building material reuse and recycle".International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management6(3/4): 313345.. Cary, S. S. 2008."GM plans to dump use of landfills".USA Today. Retrieved23 September2008. Landy, M. 2001.environmentalism: a new approach to policy. Washington: George Marshall Institute. Davoudi, S., and Evans 2005. "The Challenge of governance in regional waste planning".Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy23: 493517. Stoker, G. 2010 "Governance as theory: five propositions".International Social Science Journal50(155): 17. Gandy, M (1994).Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste. London: Earthscan Publications. Rhodes, R (1997). "The new governance: governing without government". In: R. from government to governance.".Public policy and administration8(2): 724. Glasbergen, P (2007).Partnerships, Governance, and Sustainable Development: Reflections on Theory and Practice. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Geels, F (2008).The feasibility of systems thinking in sustainable consumption and production policy: A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. London: DEFRA. Young, (2010). "Working towards a zero waste environment in Taiwan".Waste Management Research28: 236244. Frosch, R; Gallopoulos (1989). "Strategies for manufacturing".Scientific American261(3): 144152. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0989- 144 Redox Anuual Report, 2013

Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism

Introduction Notably, the distinction between heritage tourism and cultural tourism has not been easy to draw. Researchers have devoted their time in an attempt to establish whether the two aspects are different or they just overlap (Timothy, 2011; Ivanovic, 2008). The key partners in the tourism sector have worked hard to find a way to define and distinguish between cultural and heritage forms of tourism. The subject has generated extensive debates that seek to find whether the two terms are similar and how to use them (Swarbrooke, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Heritage Tourism and Cultural tourism Cultural tourism is a form of tourism that deals with the country’s culture. It has a major focus on the diverse cultures that different communities have. Sometimes, it is pegged on the art of the community. It also takes an interes t in the unique social diversity of one community in a region (Timothy Nyaupane, 2009). The distinct features of one community such as art, which makes it distinguishable, are considered cultural tourism. Cultural tourism is mainly found in an urban setting where large cities and their cultural sites are held very core to tourism (‘Oxford English Dictionary’, 2008). Cultural tourism has also been defined as a form of tourism concerned with the lifestyle of the people in a given country or region. This second definition is aligned to the activities that people engage in rather than the sites (Smith, 2003; Ivanovic, 2008). The historical practices that dictate the life style of one community form the main element of cultural tourism. This form of tourism is not just restricted to urban areas; sometimes, tourists monitor rural community’s festivals. The museums and theatres in many countries are the main reasons why cultural tourism has been considered to be urban based. In regions where theatres and museums are located in the rural areas, cultural tourism becomes strictly rural (Shackley, 1998). Cultural tourism encompasses movement of people from the residents to gather the necessary information from different cultural backgrounds. The new information and the experiences of traveling are the key purpose of cultural tourism. At the end of the day, a cultural tourist seeks to satisfy the cultural needs. The main destinations in cultural tourism are strictly cultural areas such as historical sites, festivals, and natural ecosystems (Ooi, 2002). On the other hand, heritage tourism is defined as anything that a community receives as a transmission from the past to the present. Such transmissions in the present involve cultural materials, intangible heritage, and natural heritage (Timothy Boyd, 2003). The guiding rule in preservation revolves around the uniqueness of the site to the present and future generations. For it to be considered heritag e tourism, people must be moving from one preserved site to another (Smith Robinson, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Heritage definition has the word culture. Heritage is thus defined as the travelling of people from one site to another so as to present people’s stories from the past to the present. During the travel, culture has been a facilitating tool. The activities surrounding culture have been the core interest of heritage. It has been stated that heritage tourism is increasingly becoming popular in various parts of the globe. A tourist in heritage tourism is motivated by the presence of heritage sites. This is because heritage is the main product that shapes heritage tourism (Ronchi, 2008). Numerous explanations seeking to show how distinct the cultural tourism is from heritage tourism have been raised. The endless debate to distinguish the two proves that differentiating the two is a complex phenomenon. The distinguishable elements are not only in the definition, but also in the location of the sites. Several sites may be used for heritage tourism and cultural tourism. Such usage has confused many tourists to a point of finding no difference between the two. The interchangeable nature of the sites has made it hard to realize the difference between the two aspects (Richards, 2001). Heritage tourism has several characteristics. Firstly, it ranges from sites considered relatively small to international sites. The small sites are normally not staffed while major attractions are well coordinated and staffed. Small heritage sites have few visitors who are expected at a certain time of the year (Singh, 2002). Heritage sites also have natural resources. Admission to view these sites is free and at a time charged according to the market rate (Graham Howard, 2008). There has been a perception that heritage sites are managed for tourism purposes. However, there are other heritage sites that are protected (National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, 1991). Promotion of authenticity has been one of the major characteristics of heritage tourism. It consists of having a competent visitor services delivery offering quality products. The benefits offered to a visitor always vary depending on the visitor’s experiences (Moufakkir Kelly, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been argued that heritage and cultural tourism are hard to consider as distinct. The above definitions clearly indicate that the two types of tourism tend to overlap. It has been further asserted that the areas that overlap are more than the notable differences (Singh, 2005). The main unanswered question has been how to distinguish between a cultural and heritage visitor. The tw o elements are similar and a suggestion to create well-rounded cultural heritage tourism experiences has been a fostered by key tourism stakeholders all over the world today (Lavery and Van Doren, 1990). A survey between the two types of tourism basing on the programs in heritage and cultural tourism shows that many of the heritage programs are found in rural areas. On the other hand, cultural sites are found in urban settings (Howarth, Rowley, Butterfield, Madeley Museums Association, 1901). The classification of the two programs has often been pegged on the location of the sites which distinguishes the two (Richards, 1996). In describing historical preservation, the word â€Å"heritage tourism† is used. On the other hand, in cultural tourism programs, museums and theatres are evident. In the preservation of the sites for tourism purposes, it is clear that what is termed as the â€Å"culture of today† becomes the heritage of the future (McIntosh Goeldner, 1986). The re are clear differences between heritage tourism and cultural tourism. Heritage tourism is said to be place-based compared to cultural tourism. Heritage tourism is attached to the place while cultural tourism is based on experience with minimum or no emphasis on the place. In other words, the content of cultural and heritage tourism has always been the same, but the context differs (Leask, 2008). Though the definition and understanding of cultural and heritage tourism have been hard to distinguish, it is still clear that lay people and visitors attach some different meanings to the two aspects. However, in the broad sense, the two words have been used interchangeably. An imagination of a distinct definition between heritage tourism and cultural tourism has been extremely pursued (Kockel, 1994). There is one main reason as to why different researchers and other interested parties have sought the distinction between the two elements. This reason is grounded on the fact that various t ourists find the two aspects to be different. The various reasons as to why people visit heritage sites have triggered the need to have a definition (Leask Fyall, 2006; Leask Yeoman, 1999). The complexity of definition has been promoted by the fact that a cultural tourist will visit a heritage site with a reason. On the contrary, a casual tourist visits a heritage site for adventure. The attraction is sometimes used to discover a site for the first time (Howard Ashworth, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To unfold the complexity introduced by definition and why it is necessary to define heritage sites, it is important to state that the object of heritage tourism is the people. Therefore, it is difficult to define heritage tourism. This is because the definition has various meanings to different individuals (Hoffman, 2006). The unique way in which different individuals perceive heritage site dictates the nature of experiences to be achieved by the tourists. There are those who view a heritage site as a place where they go for holidays. On the other hand, there are others who collect information from such sites (Agarwal Shaw, 2007). The cultural background of an individual helps in understanding heritage tourism. Notably, it is not possible to distinguish cultural influences from the understanding of heritage tourism. What the Americans consider as reasons to visiting a heritage site may be understood differently by someone in Australia (Hannerz, 1992). The main reason for such varia tions is that different places have different types of heritage sites (Timothy Boyd, 2006). In some instances, natural places are regarded as sites while others attach heritage to the notion that the people in a given place are unique. From the analysis, it is possible to observe there is no uniformity in the definition for heritage tourism (Hall Jenkins, 2003). There is a need to unveil the complexity behind the definition of heritage tourism. This is triggered from the fact that, in recent year’s, heritage has become a commodity that is capable of being sold. The selling includes substantial marketing that requires diverse knowledge. Most of the heritage sites around the globe have been widely advertised to allow tourism attraction (Hall McArthur, 1996). In order to attract the target group, one ought to be aware of the cultural meanings of a heritage. There are some parts where heritage is not a tourism product since people believe that it represents ancestry. Some are strictly opposed to its commercialization (Sharma, 2004). Such opposition is very evident in rural sites. Many still argue that it is unfair for people to try to market heritage while they are unable to get an extensive definition on what it means. The fact that heritage sites have been moved to the urban centers means that the meaning attached to them has been lost through commodification of the sites (Goeldner Ritchie, 2009). The intangible nature of culture has made heritage complex since it has pegged much value to the experience of the site rather than the site. At a time when tourism is determined by the forces of demand and supply, there are interpretations created in understanding the term and its outcome. The assertion that heritage tourism has assisted in preservation of sites has been viewed as promoting the traditional view of heritage sites being a place to remind people of their ancestry (Fyall, Garrod, Leask Wanhill, 2008). The conflict in understanding between the effectiveness of demand and those that believe that heritage is important and should be preserved while others think that heritage is a commercial product. The only way to harmonize the two conflicting sides is by finding a definition to suit the two sides (Goh, 2010). To reach that definition has been hard hence presenting the situation in complex state. Irrespective of the complexities presented by the definition, different researchers have tried to simplify the definition by introducing the three categories of heritage tourism (Drummond, et al, 2000). The first category of heritage tourism is the heritage status attributed to the visited site. Secondly, the visitor’s knowledge of the status given to the site is equally important (Herbert, 1995). Lastly, the relationship between the visitor’s personal heritage and the site is also considered. The categorization of heritage tourism simplifies the complexity (Drummond Yeoman, 2001). The above discussions show how hard it has been to come up with a universal definition to suit heritage tourism. At the same time, it has also proved hard to differentiate heritage from cultural tourism (Palang Fry, 2003). he greatest hurdle which has made it hard to get the definition is the interpersonal differences witnessing in perceiving the word heritage. The naming of the world’s heritage sites by UNESCO has continued each and every day, but it has been hard to get a definition that stands for heritage tourism (Dasgupta, Biswas Mallik, 2009). I would suggest that the suitable universal definition for heritage tourism is: the experience one gets when visiting historical and cultural places. The definition is centered on the experiences rather than the places visited. The factors that compel a conclusive definition are to effect a definition that cuts across to ensure that cultural and heritage aspects are joined together. Such a definition will establish cultural heritage tourism. This is grounded on t he fact that everyday, different heritage sites are created, and hence a more conclusive definition must state the experience and not the site. It has been established that the definition given to a site assists in guiding different tourists. At a time when tourists are from different cultural backgrounds, it is important to have a clear definition so as to avoid confusion. Conclusion The distinction that exists between cultural and heritage tourism is based on form and not substance. The features that make the cultural heritage are sometimes the characteristics of heritage tourism depending on the place. There are notable differences between the two aspects as mentioned above. The complexity in the definition of heritage tourism is worth unveiling so as to get the different context that people adopt. The suggested definition is also critical to assess since it seeks to harmonize the views of different people to create a universal definition that cuts across different people. Touris ts from different cultural background have varied reasons for visiting sites. Therefore, they can only know where to visit if clear definitions are adopted. Reference List Agarwal, S Shaw, G 2007, Coastal tourism resorts: a global perspective, Channel View Publications, Clevedon. Dasgupta, S, Biswas, R Mallik, GK 2009, Heritage tourism: an anthropological journey to Bishnupur, Mittal Publications, New Delhi. Drummond, S, et al 2000, Quality Issues in Heritage Visitor Attractions, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Drummond, S Yeoman, I 2001, Quality issues in heritage visitor attractions, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK. Fyall, A, Garrod, B, Leask, A and Wanhill, S 2008, Managing Visitor Attractions: New Directions, John Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Goh, E 2010, â€Å"Understanding the heritage tourist market segment,† International Journal Leisure and Tourism Marketing Vol. 1 No. 3, pp. 14-23. Graham, BJ Howard, P 2008, The Ashgate research companion to heritage and identity, Ashg ate Pub. Co., Burlington, VT. Hall, CM McArthur, S 1996, Heritage Management in Australia New Zealand. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Hall, CM Jenkins, JM 2003, Tourism and public policy, Thomson, London. Hannerz, U 1992, Cultural complexity: studies in the social organization of meaning. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Herbert, DT 1995, Heritage, tourism and society, Mansell, London u.a. Hoffman, BT 2006, Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Howard, P Ashworth, GJ 1999. European heritage planning and management, Intellect, Exeter [u.a.]. Howarth, E, Rowley, FR, Butterfield, WR, Madeley, C Museums Association 1901, Museums journal, Museums Association, London. Ivanovic, M 2008, Cultural tourism, Juta, Cape Town, South Africa. Kockel, U 1994, Culture, tourism and development: the case of Ireland, Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool. Lavery, P and Van Doren, C 1990, Travel and Tourism, Elm Publications, Suffoilk. Leask, A 200 8, The Nature and Role of Visitor Attractions in A Fyall, et al. (eds) Managing Visitor Attractions, Elsevier, Oxford. Leask, A Fyall, A 2006, Managing World Heritage Sites, Elsevier, Oxford. Leask, A Yeoman, I 1999, Heritage Visitor Attractions – An Operations Management Perspective, Continuum, London. McIntosh, RW Goeldner, R 1986, Tourism, principles, practices and philosophies, Wiley, Hoboken, N.J. Moufakkir, O Kelly, I 2010, Tourism, Progress and Peace, CABI, Wallingford [etc.]. National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States 1991, Historic preservation forum: the journal of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, The Trust. Washington, D.C. Ooi, c-s 2002, Cultural tourism and tourism cultures: the business of mediating experiences in Copenhagen and Singapore, Business School Press, Copenhagen. Oxford English Dictionary 2008, viewed on https://www.oed.com/. Palang, H Fry, G 2003, Landscape interfaces: cultural heritage in changing landscapes, Klu wer Academic, Dordrecht. Richards, G 2001, Cultural attractions and European tourism, CABI Publ., Wallingford [u.a.]. Richards, G 1996, Cultural tourism in Europe, Internat, Wallingford, CAB. Ronchi, AM 2008, eCulture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age, Springer, Berlin. Shackley, M 1998, Visitor Management – Case Studies from World Heritage Sites, Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Sharma, KK 2004,Tourism and regional development, Sarup Sons, New Delhi. Singh, S 2002, Tourism in destination communities, CABI Publishing, Wallingford [u.a.]. Singh, T 2005, New horizons in tourism: strange experiences and stranger practices, CABI Pub, Cambridge, MA. Smith, M 2003, Issues in Cultural Tourism Studies, Routledge, London. Smith, MK Robinson, M 2006, Cultural tourism in a changing world: politics, participation and (re)presentation, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, Angleterre, Toronto. Swarbrooke, J 2001, Heritage Tourism in the UK- A glance at things to come. Web. Timothy, DJ 2 011, Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction, Channel View, Bristol. Timothy, D Boyd, S 2003, Heritage Tourism, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow. Timothy, D Boyd, S 2006, â€Å"Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century†, Journal of Heritage Tourism, vol. 1, no.1, pp. 22-40. Timothy, D Nyaupane, G 2009, Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: a Regional perspective, Routledge, Abingdon. This essay on Heritage Tourism and Cultural Tourism was written and submitted by user Cuck00 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Alternative Dispute Resolution

Alternative Dispute Resolution Free Online Research Papers Alternative Dispute Resolution, referred hereon as ADR, can be defined as a collective description of process or mechanisms that parties can use to resolve disputes rather than bringing a claim through the formal court structure. ADR is part of the civil justice system with the United Kingdom. It is a key aspect of the civil justice system and has grown over the past forty years. The issue in question is to asses to arguments for and against the use of ADR in the Civil Justice system. These alternatives have been developed to deal specifically with the perceived shortcomings of the formal structure of law and court procedure. The increased importance of ADR has been signaled in both legislation and court procedures. The use of ADR was featured predominantly in Lord Woolf’s Interim Report and his Final Report. In his final report, Lord Woolf urged that people should be encouraged to use the growing number of grievance proceedings methods, like ADR, before taking their cases through court proceedings. ADR features prominent in the new Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) 1998.Rule 1. (4.) (1) states that the court must further the overriding objective by actively managing cases. Rule1.4. (2) goes on elaborating twelve different examples of what effective case management means. The fifth of these is to encourage the parties to use ADR procedures if the court considers that to be appropriate and to facilitate the use of such procedures. Rule 26.4 of the CPR 1998 enables judges either on their own account or with the agreement of both parties, to stop court proceedings where they consider the dispute to be better suited to solution by some alternative procedure. If subsequently a court is of the opinion that a dispute could have been effectively settled through some alternative mechanism and this was brought to the attention of the parties, then under Rule 45.5 of the CPR, the party insisting that the case be brought before the court, may be penalized by the court by awarding them reduced or no cost should they win the case. This principle is also illustrated in R (Cowl) v Plymouth City Council [2001] CA. It is possible to refuse to engage in ADR without subsequently suffering in the awards of cost: Hurst v Leeming [2002]. There are a number of different types of alternative dispute resolution. These have been identified in the Lord Chancellor Department 1998 Consultation paper as being- arbitration; mediation; conciliation; med-arb; expert determination; early neutral evaluation; neutral fact finding; Ombudsmen and Utility Regulations. However, because the scopes of the ADR mechanisms are so wide, only the most common and mostly used forms of ADR will be considered in detail. The first and the oldest of the alternative procedures is arbitration. This is the procedure whereby parties refer the issue to a third for resolution, rather than taking the case to the ordinary courts. The arbitrator must be impartial, this means, that he/she must not take sides. He is expected to be fair and just and not favoring any party. The arbitrator is expected to decide the case before him according to its facts. In most cases, the arbitrator’s decision is legally binding and so it is not possible to go to the court I a party is unhappy with the decision. There are many different types of arbitration and most have common features, including-mutual agreement between the parties to arbitrate; it is private and has less formality than the courts; the decision is not made by the individual themselves; the process is final and legally binding and there are limited grounds for challenging a decision. Arbitration is widely used for international disputes, disputes between major co-corporations, employment rights disputes and consumer disputes. It is governed by the Arbitration Act (AA) 1996 which sets out its rules and provides a definition. The parties can usually choose an arbitrator, providing they can agree on one. The AA 1996 lays down strict rules for how arbitration should work. However, as arbitration is intended to be less formal, less expensive and more flexible than the court, the rules of evidence are not as strict and parties can usually have a say in how they want the hearing to be conducted. Once the parties have decided to use arbitration and the process has begun, the parties usually give up their right to seek resolution of the matter elsewhere; such as a court or tribunal. A second alterative basis on which parties can resolve disputes is by using the process of mediation. Mediation is the process whereby a third party acts as a conduit through which two disputing parties communicate and negotiate in an attempt to reach a common resolution of a problem. The mediator may move between the parties, communicating their opinions, without them having to meet, or alternatively, the mediator may operate in the presence of the parties, but in either situation, the emphasis is on the parties themselves working out a shared agreement as to how the dispute in question is to be resolved. Mediation is more than a mere negotiation. All types of mediation have the following common features-: it is voluntary-parties can choose to mediator or to; it is private and confidential, the mediator is impartial and independent and the parties can decide how it is to be decided. Mediation can be used in cases involving only two (2) parties and those involving a large number of parties or entire communities. Mediation is the most wide-ranging ADR process and is used in many area of dispute including, inter alia, business, consumer, divorce and separation, negligence, education and personal injury. Most mediation meetings are concluded within a day, but it is possible for mediation to take place over several meetings. There are no set outcomes. The range of remedies than can be achieved is as wide as you want it to be. You are not restricted to the outcomes which a court could order. A party could make an agreement which includes an apology, a promise to do or not to do something, compensatory refunds, replacement of goods and so forth. Mediation is a non-binding process- agreements are not legally binging. However, it has a good track record when it comes to keeping agreements. If no agreement is reached, alternative methods can be used or parties can have recourse to the courts. Conciliation takes mediation a step further and gives the conciliator the power to suggest grounds for compromise and the possible basis for conclusive agreement. Thus, conciliation has a more interventionist role. The conciliator should be impartial. Conciliation is private and the terms of settlement are not made public unless the parties agree. The sort of outcomes achieved are similar to those in mediation, including- an apology; explanation and compensation changes in practice or procedure. Another Mechanism of ADR is the office of the Ombudsmen. Ombudsmen are independent office holders who investigate and rule on complaints from members of the public about mal administration in government, and I particular, services both the public and private sector. Some Ombudsmen use mediation as a part of their dispute resolution procedures. The powers of the ombudsman vary. They are able to make recommendation; only a few can make decisions which are enforceable. Med Arb is a combination of mediation and arbitration where the parties agree to mediate; bit if that fails to achieve a settlement, the dispute id referred to arbitration. The same individual may act as the mediator and the arbitrator in this type of arrangement. Although, not in itself a form of ADR, it is deemed necessary to give a brief analysis of tribunals. Tribunals are very similar to a court but rather, it is a statutory establishment in the manner of a court to hear particular grievances or specialist matters of dispute. Examples of tribunals include the administrative tribunal, employment and industrial tribunal. Tribunals do not administer any part of the judicial power of the state. (Attorney-General v British Broadcasting Corporation [1980]. HL) it has a specific jurisdiction as allocated by allocated by Parliament. The strengths and weaknesses of Alternative Dispute Resolution will now be facilitated followed by a general overview of whether the process in itself is successful. For many reasons, advocates of ADR believe that it is superior to law suits and litigation. ADR is generally faster. Cases and disputes can be resolved in a matter of weeks or even days, thus taking less time to reach a decision than waiting for the case to go to trial which can take years before a decision is reached. It is significantly more cost-efficient than the formal courts which then to be expensive. It is based on more direct participation by the disputants, rather than being regulated by the courts, lawyers or even the state. In most ADR processes, the parties outline the process they will use and define the substance of their agreements. This type of involvement is believed to increase people satisfaction with the outcomes, as well as their compliance with the agreement reached. Thus, the parties shave a certain amount of flexibility in choosing what rule swill be applied to their dispute. A special characteristic of ADR is that, unlike disputes in the courts for certain matters, there is no jury involved. This is advantageous because juries can be unpredictable and often simplify or decrease damages awarded purely according to whether they favor a particular party. Most ADR processes are based on an integrative approach. They are more cooperative and less competitive than adversarial court-based methods, like litigation. For this reason, ADR tends to generate less escalation and ill will between the parties. In fact, participating in ADR will often ultimately improve, rather than worsen, the relationship between the parties. This a key advantage where he parties continue to interact after a settlement id reached. The process is an alternative method and therefore it is not compulsory but should be appropriate. Another unique aspect of ADR which distinguishes it from the court system is that with arbitration, the decision maker is usually an expert in the field of the relevant issue under consideration. This has a twofold advantage. It speeds up the process because considerable amounts of time do not have to be spent educating a judge if there are technical or complicated issues. Secondly, if saves cost because the parties do not necessarily have to employ a lawyer. Alternative methods tend to be and informal and private procedure. the latter advantage ensures that the parties do not run the risk of any damaging publicity arising out of reports of the proceedings which may affect their reputation and that outsiders do not get access to ay potentially secretive information. Despite the wealth of advantages in using various alternative methods, many criticisms have been leveled ad possible drawbacks indentified. ADR is not always cheap. Unsuccessful ADR can result in cost being leveled at the same amount for court proceedings. ADR, with the exception of arbitration, do not always lead to a guaranteed resolution. this means that it is possible to invest time and money in ADR proceedings but nevertheless, recourse must be made to the courts. this in turn increases litigation cost. Not all forms of ADR are quick- in fact, some may require a client to pass through many stages before adjudication. Although theoretically, ADR is not compulsory, it appears to be so. This is evidential from the CPR 1998 and the case of Dunnett v Railtrack. This principle was discussed above. While these various methods tend to be faster and more, a potential drawback is that the only available remedy is damages and. this amount is limited An individual is likely to get compensation that is extremely low compared to what he could have gotten if the dispute was settled in the court. They do not have jurisdiction to award injunctions or even specific performance. Although, the parties do not necessarily need a lawyer, they are the possibility of unequal bargaining power, whereby the more powerful, wealthy party will ensure that they have a lawyer present. This is a potential weakness of ADR because the powerful party may use the power to sell off potential litigants. Critics have concerns about the legitimacy of ADR, arguing that ADR provides a second class justice, undermining the fundamental idea that there should be equal justice to all. Mediation, although not arbitration, is a non legally binding process. Despite Arbitration begin legally binding, it may be difficult to enforce or overturn a decision. Leave to appeal are only granted din limited circumstances. an arbitrator’s decision is final and is subjected to judicial review in limited cases. also there is no precedent in ADR so parties can not anticipate what a decision is likely to be. . Another concern is that because the process is private ad not in the public reports or subject to pubic scrutiny, issues that may be considered of paramount importance may never be within the public sphere. However, the confidentially rule may be waived under circumstances: Emmott v Wilson (2008). Despite the disadvantageous of the process, It is submitted that the process nevertheless plays a vital part in the opening of access to justice. Lord Woolf himself, asserted that the use of ADR had the ‘obvious’ advantage of saving scarce judicial resources and that it offered benefits to litigants or potential litigants, generally speed and reduced cost. Bibliography District Judge Trent â€Å"ADR and the new Civil Procedure Rules†. New Law Journal (March 19, 1999) 410 Elliot, C and Quinn, F. English Legal System, eighth edition, 2007 (London: Pearson Longman) Genn, Hazel, â€Å"Solving Civil Justice Problems: what might be best?† Scottish Consumer Seminar on Civil Justice, 19 January, 2005. Lord Woolf, Inquiry into Access to Justice, Interim Report, Lord Chancellors Department, 1995, Chapter 2. Saddler, Emma. â€Å"A Quick Fix or A Long Battle†, New Law Journal 159-428, Mar 20, 2009. Slapper, G and Kelly, D. The English Legal System, eighth edition, 2006 (Routledge Cavendish Publishing). Zander, Michael. Cases and Materials on The English legal System, ninth edition, 2003. (Lexis Nexis Butterworths). Zander, Michael. The State Of Justice†, fifth edition, 2008. (London: Sweet and Maxwell). Research Papers on Alternative Dispute ResolutionCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Fifth HorsemanQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBringing Democracy to Africa

Managing across cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing across cultures - Essay Example DR Geert Hofstede, a psychologist identified four distinct cultural dimensions that served to differentiate one culture from another. Later on in his study he added the fifth one. The five dimensions of culture that Hofstede distinguished include (Aaldering 2010): Power/distance: this is initially the degree of inequality that is present and is accepted among people with or without power. The score that one gets points that society accepts an unequal distribution of power and people in the system. Whereas a low score indicates that the power is shared and well dispersed. For example in a high PD country like Malaysia an organization would send reports only to the top hierarchy management with the involvement of few high level managers. Individualism (IDV). This indicates the strong ties between individuals. The following diagram shows how it works : Characteristics Tips High IDV High Valuation on peoples time and their need for freedom. An enjoyment of challenges, and an expectation of rewards for hard work. Respect for privacy. Acknowledge accomplishments. Don’t ask for too much personal information. Encourage debate and expression of own ideas. Low IDV Emphasis on building skills and becoming masters of something. Work for intrinsic rewards. Harmony more important than honesty. Show respect for age and wisdom. Suppress feelings and emotions to work in harmony. Respect traditions and introduce change slowly. Masculinity (MAS). This actually talks about how much the organization looks at the traditional values of male and female. In today’s world one could clearly see how men and female are treated with equal opportunities. Uncertainty/ A voidance index (UAI). This is basically the degree of anxiety that the members of an organization or a society feel when there situations are unknown or uncertain. Long Term Orientation (LTO). This talks about how much society put value in the long term standing- as opposed to short term traditions and values Thi s article basically talked about the five basic dimensions and how these could be used in order to meet the needs of individuals working with different culture employees. Trompenaars four diversity culture: Another culturalist Trompenaars along with Hampden-Turner came with other cultural factors that talk about these few points on how to face the cultural differences in the organization. The article ‘Cultural frame of reference’, (Jeurissen 2007) talks about universalism vs. particularism which generally talks about how an organization can find and work on the general rules instead of forcing on the existing rules and demotivating the entire team. It also talks about analyzing vs. integrating which is decomposing to find the details and integrating to bring all those things together in order to have a big picture to understand better. Individualism vs. communitarianism is where the individual’s rights are put forward along with the rights of the whole group or t eam. Another one that Trompenaar talks about is inner directed vs. outer directed. This is where the assumption is made that thinking is the most powerful tool to approach an idea. And then seeking the data in the outer world or in other words to be optimistic. This article basically just talks about how looking at a thing , analyzing it and then giving it a status changes the way we look at things and culture differences are the same thing. One should be

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social Psychology - Assignment Example The writer in this piece acted the way she did due to many reasons. The reason she got married probably was she was pregnant. However if society had not made her feel bad about being single and pregnant, she might have acted differently. The consensus between her and Simon was an agreement to get married. The writer tried to consistently get along with Bernice, but distinctively left her husband after he refused to take up for her. Simon acted the way he did because he did not want either his wife or mother mad at him. It is true he cannot control his mother’s actions, but he can control his. If he wants his mother to stop abusing the writer verbally, Simon could speak up. It is his mother. All the situation would have taken was a â€Å"Mom this is not the time† at the wedding or birth of his son. A â€Å"I was there when she got pregnant too† would have also worked. Simon is apparently too scared to say these things. Bernice probably acted this way due to feelings of abandonment, or control issues. When a man gets married a mother can feel like she is losing her son. Most mothers deal with it, but some do not. Bernice was out of line. She was being self centered and not thinking of the happiness of her son or grandson. The solution to this problem is Simon stands up to his mother, or the writer gets a divorce. The sad part is divorce is more likely. It is hard for a child, even grown, to stand up for themselves.

Concepts of Masculine and Feminine Sexuality

Concepts of Masculine and Feminine Sexuality The Issue of â€Å"The Unspeakable† In The Theoretical and Fictive Representation of Sexuality Khalil Jetha The unspeakable in the theoretical and fictive representation of sexuality traditionally refers to the weakening of masculinity and the empowerment of feminine sexuality. From a theoretical standpoint, the â€Å"unspeakable† is the bending of gender lines, the empowerment of women and the abatement of male dominance. The unspeakable in the fictive representation of sexuality is the destabilization of masculine sexuality and the introduction of femininity in a male psyche. This includes literary methods such as the metaphorical connection of male psyches with the Oedipal Complex, homosexual inclinations and subservience to female characters. Books such as Michel Foucault’s The History of Sexuality examine the theoretical representation of male and female heterosexuality’s innate connection to homosexuality as the â€Å"unspeakable†. The fictive representation of sexuality demonstrates the unspeakable as the switching of traditional gender roles and the appl ication of sexual foils to personalities as present in Nella Larsen’s Quicksand. Aspects of the unspeakable also translate to racial representation as shown in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye; in order to understand the difference in sexuality’s representation in both theoretical and fictive media, one cannot dismiss race as inherently connected to sexuality. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) widely criticized the traditional, Judeo-Christian perception of sexuality as outdated and inaccurate, widely neglecting several aspects of sexuality. The greatest unspeakable in European society was the notion that sexuality existed outside of a procreative dimension. As society evolved, Foucault argued, it was not the proletariat, lower class traditionally viewed as immoral that wrought the several facets of sexuality on the world. Rather, it was society’s â€Å"bourgeois or aristocratic† families who discovered â€Å"the sexuality of children and adolescents was first problematized [sic], and feminine sexuality medicalized [sic]† (Foucault 1978, p. 120). The changing perception of sexuality in Europe’s upper echelons revealed an unspeakable aspect; namely, that women and children exuded sexual identities independent of the accepted norm of domestication and procreation. The presence of sexuality in women and children lessened the degree of male dominance, hence the â€Å"unspeakable† attribute. The male fear of a loss of influence in society was most pronounced in the upper class, the primary reason high society’s families were â€Å"the first to be alerted to the potential pathology of sex, the urgent need to keep it under close watch and to devise a rational technology of correction†; â€Å"it was this family that first became a locus for the psychiatrization [sic] of sex† (Foucault 1978, p. 120). Patriarchal society’s destabilization was the reason sexuality’s existence in anyone than adult males was so widely reviled. The bourgeois considered sex to be frail, something that ought to be relegated within their society. The bourgeois fear of sexuality outside the male persona branched out, giving way to every unspeakable; more specifically, the unspeakable aspects of sexuality represented theoretically and fictively were based on any threatening idea that would compromise tradition. In what appeared to be a â€Å"struggle against sexuality,† society evolved a strategy to take advantage of the sexualities of â€Å"women, children, and men† by gearing them toward the familial unit most accepted. Female sexuality, though disturbing the procreative process, was given a voice that aimed sexuality and desire for men to coincide with the nuclear family unit. Juvenile sexuality was exploited, encouraged to blossom because its final realization would be the familial, patriarchal household unit (Foucault 1978, p. 105). In History of Sexuality, Foucault asserts that sexuality â€Å"must not be thought of as a kind of natural given which power tries to hold in check, or as an obscure domain which knowledge tries gradually to uncover† (Foucault 1978, p. 105). Sexuality develops independent of society, and each individual’s sexuality will evolve differently. Sexuality, Foucault argues, â€Å"is the name that can be given to an historical construct: not a furtive reality that is difficult to grasp, but a great surface network in which the stimulation of bodies, the intensification of pleasures, the incitement to discourse, the formation of special knowledge, the strengthening of controls and resistances, are linked to one another, in accordance with a few major strategies of knowledge and power† (Foucault 1978, p. 105-106). From a modern theoretical standpoint such as that of Foucault, sexuality is represented primarily as a revolutionary social entity. The traditions of a Judeo-Chr istian ethic system would view sexuality as a divisive manifestation, an animal instinct that should be controlled in men and eliminated from women and children. The unspeakable, from a theoretical standpoint, was its mere existence in women and children; any deviance from accepted models resulted in a compromise of male superiority. There were two primary threats: one was the existence of sexuality that deviated from traditional male sexuality, and the second was the existence of empowering sexuality outside of the male contingent of society. Precedence was always given to procreation; sex was meant only to create life, not to be used for pleasure. The threats to male dominance were clear, even in the queering of sexuality. Change is the most prevalent in the realm of the unspeakable, represented in theoretical sexuality as anything deviant from tradition. Despite the spectre caused by multiple future changes to society, Foucault noted that it was â€Å"worth remembering that the first figure to be invested by the deployment of sexuality, one of the first to be ‘sexualized’ was the ‘idle’ woman† (Foucault 1978, p. 121). The â€Å"idle woman† was one given precedence and favour over her counterparts. She retained the domestic role of her predecessors, and was the accepted female figure within society. In her foil emerged the â€Å"nervous woman,† the woman afflicted with â€Å"vapours†; in this figure, the hysterization of woman found its anchorage point (Foucault 1978, p. 121). Theoretically, the unspeakable in female sexuality was that which strayed from the accepted patriarchal model. The â€Å"nervous woman† was actually the sexually empowered phenomenon of the alpha female. The problem with a sexually empowered female was the psychological impotence of a man who would fal l under her influence. This psychological rendering is roughly equivalent to the metaphoric neutering of man and society. Contrary to the traditional view previously stated, Foucault agrees that the neutering of the genders is potentially dangerous. However, Foucault recognizes the presence of sex in both genders, and also does not hesitate to divide the two into a gender-based dichotomy. He claims that if society failed to recognize the difference in gendered sexualities, it would create â€Å"sexuality without sex,† which effectively amounted to â€Å"castration once again† (Foucault 1978, p. 151). He aims to show how â€Å"deployments of power are directly connected to the body—to bodies, functions, physiological processes, sensations, and pleasures† (Foucault 1978, p.152). The representation of the unspeakable here is countered by Foucault’s assertion that the unspeakable is a necessary part of society. In response to the historical construct of sexuality detailing the â€Å"hysterization [sic]† of women, Foucault defines the unspeakable of sexuality in thre e ways: â€Å"as that which belongs, par excellence, to men, and hence is lacking in women† but â€Å"at the same time, as that which by itself constitutes a woman’s body, ordering it wholly in terms of the functions of reproduction and keeping it in constant agitation through the effects of that very function† (Foucault 1978, p. 153). Representations of the unspeakable in fictive sexuality can also be attributed to race and gender, as evidenced by Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye as well as Nella Larsen’s Quicksand. The Bluest Eye’s protagonists’ encounter with Maureen Peal, a light-skinned black girl whose birth defects were ignored in favour of her fair complexion, demonstrates the phenomena of social racial aesthetics (Morrison 63). Most evident is Maureen’s denigration of the girls Claudia, Frieda and Pecola; Maureen subconsciously defends her birth defects as beauty because she is â€Å"cute [and they are] black and ugly† (Morrison 73). The unspeakable component here is the empowerment of white over black, but upon closer inspection it becomes the sexually empowered girl versus the sexually unwanted others. Maureen’s birth defects would erstwhile render her unwanted by men and therefore a member of the weaker contingent of society. However, the social standard me rits fair complexion over dark, empowering Maureen over Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola. Despite the fact that Maureen is technically a black girl, her proximity to the white race earns her the contempt of girls whose deep desires to be wanted by society represent the unspeakable. Maureen, though vilified in The Bluest Eye, is the least sexually threatening and exudes the least unspeakable characteristics. It is Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola, who in their desire to be pale and possess â€Å"the bluest eye† aspire to have the power that Maureen flouts in front of them. The white race equates with power and masculinity, while the black race is the powerless neuter in the world Toni Morrison portrays. Similarly, Nella Larsen’s Quicksand presents the unspeakable in sexuality with the racial and sexual dilemma of Helga Crane. Aâ€Å" despised mulatto† reviled because she could not be confined to a comfortable social norm, Helga embodies the unspeakable ambiguity traditiona l society feared (Larsen 1994, p. 5). Helga represents the same power standard as the white and black races portrayed by Morrison. If power can be ascribed to sexuality and the standard of male strength over female weakness, then Helga therefore presents to society not just a mulatto, but also a woman on the verge of becoming powerful. Larsen establishes this standard, describing such instances as shocking Helga. Helga, for example, â€Å"[shudders] a little as she recalled some of the statements made by that holy white man of God to the black folk sitting [respectfully] before him† (Larsen 1994, p. 2). Helga’s description in Quicksand is sexually favourable, suggesting the duality of a black woman becoming sexually desirable, crossing the borders established by society. Helga’s attractiveness is described in several colour references, the first description made by the narrator evoking the sentiment that â€Å"an observer would have thought her well fitted to that framing of light and shade† (Larsen 1994, p. 2). Helga is a manifestation of the disconcertment of a woman in a patriarchal society, as she â€Å"could neither conform, nor be happy in her unconformity† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Not only is Helga unable to accept any stance on her race, she is also hard pressed to find acceptance for her sexual power. The same â€Å"parts of her that she couldn’t be proud of† ironically â€Å"visualized the discomfort of James Vayle† in her â€Å"maladjustment†; she â€Å"had a faint notion that it was behind his ready assent to her sugge stion anent a longer engagement than, originally, they had planned† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Despite Vayle’s family and their intolerance of Helga’s familial and racial ambiguity, Helga’s fiancà © represents Helga’s exertion of power over a man. With such odds mounted against his union to Helga, the logical assumption would be his abandonment of a relationship. However, Helga’s identity as a black woman with white features empowers her to be desired by him; James cannot let go as he is dominated and has little choice in the matter. Larsen shows James’ powerlessness, describing him as â€Å"liked and approved of† in the town of Naxos, but â€Å"[loathing] the idea that the girl he was to marry couldn’t manage to win liking and approval also† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Even Helga is cognizant of James’ helplessness, as she knew â€Å"that a something held [James], a something against which he was powerless† (Lar sen 1994, pp. 7-8). The unspeakable factor in sexuality is multi-faceted. While all types of sexuality are different, they are all unspeakable in their common root as threats to heterosexual, male dominance. Theoretical presentation of the unspeakable is largely based on the existence of non-conventional sexualities, while fictive presentations manifest themselves in different media as shown in Morrison and Larsen’s works. Though the scope of so-called sexual deviance is large, the general premise remains the same. BIBLIOGRAPHY Foucault, Michel. (1978) The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: RandomHouse Books. Larsen, Nella and Deborah E. McDowell (ed). (1994) Quicksand and Passing. NewBrunswick: Rutgers U P. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.